Analysis Of Peter Jackson s The Lord Of The Rings

Peter Jackson’s Achievement â€Å"Peter Jackson, master of technomagic and generalissimo of a thousand technicians and actors, has made of Tolkien’s deliberately archaic epic a fresh, bracing revel† (Alleva). In his article, Richard Alleva praises Jackson for his great achievements. Taking on the task of adapting Tolkien’s cherished series to the screen sets Jackson apart as a courageous and dedicated artist who will be remembered. Through his adaptation of The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien, Jackson’s genius overwhelmed the fantasy genre of film. His innovative use of technology, enormous accomplishments, creation of a mythical world, and respect for the story confirms Jackson’s spot in film history. Despite the opinions of critics, Jackson’s epic trilogy remains a masterpiece of fantasy cinema. His films have inspired amazement and generated many devoted followers. Of its many remarkable components, Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings may be celebrated the most for its use of innovative technology. In the introductory quote, Jackson was hailed as the â€Å"master of technomagic† (Alleva). Especially through the making of the character Gollum, the films display an incredible use of breakthrough technology. An article written by Mihaela Mihailova discusses the movies’ use of motion capture and estrangement. Mihailova’s article explains that motion capture is a method where â€Å"an actor’s performance serves as a ‘reference point’ for a computer which tracks and stores movement viaShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Of National Cinema2393 Words   |  10 Pagescinema. This essay will discuss these differences in terms of production and distribution. It will also look at the aesthetics of national cinema with a focus on New Zealand national cinema and New Zealand films including Goodbye Porkpie, The Lord o f the Rings, Boy and Once were Warriors. 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Apush Dbq Technology, Government Policy, and Economic...

Briana Walker 2nd period DBQ In the period 1865-1900, technology, government policy, and economic conditions all changed American agriculture a great deal. New farming machinery had a large role in the late 19th century, giving farmers the opportunity to produce a lot more crops than they used to. The railroads had an enormous influence on agriculture. They were able to charge the farmers large fees, expenses that farmers barely had enough to cover, in order to transport their goods throughout the expansive country. The booming industry also changed American agriculture, creating monopolies and gaining incredible wealth with which the farmers simply could not compete. Economically, the monetary policy along with the steadily†¦show more content†¦As Document I shows Native Americans were being cheated out of their land, actually most of their land was being sold. In 1887, the Dawes Severalty Act was passed by congress. The Dawes act divided small plots for each family. But the farmers got their fill as w ell. On the reservation there were another 90 million acres which were fertile and was often sold to white settlers. As Native American lands went down White settlers land increased. As shown in Document B. Land trades and began to pop up all around the country. Technology greatly transformed American agriculture from just plain farming to commercial farming. The mechanization of farming made farming easier and more profitable. As shown in Document D technology was helping farmers, making farming more easier and they were able to do many jobs quicker. But, Farmers couldn’t afford to send crops to other places At the beginning of the 1840s the railroad began to transform American agriculture, by the 1860’s all states east of the Mississippi had rail service. As shown in Document B there were multiple railroads all around the country. The farmers were ecstatic about this new technology because they could send their crops to other areas, when before they didn’t have the money to be able to do so. Other new technologies were arriving such as the mechanical reaper and the steel plow. In conclusion during the years 1865 and 1900 technology, economic and government policies changed american agriculture

Employee Performance In The Royal Perth Hospital †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Employee Performance In The Royal Perth Hospital. Answer: Introduction The current business scenario especially the healthcare sector is witnessing huge growth in the present time. With the increase in the demand for the healthcare, more hospitals are coming up. However, healthcare sector is one of those sectors, which cannot recruit extensively like other sectors. This is mainly due to the reason that doctors and other health professionals are not available in abundance and there are various factors that should be considered in the recruitment process. This is leading to the increased pressure among the existing healthcare employees. The pressure is more in the emergency department due to the reason that doctors and the healthcare professionals should always be ready for every situation and there is no fixed time schedule for them. This is causing stress among them and an effective human resource strategy is required for them. Royal Perth Hospital is one of the largest and busiest hospitals in the Australian regions. They cater to huge number of in and out patients on daily basis with having more than 4500 employees in different departments. However, in this case also, they are facing the issues of disengagement and demoralization of the staffs in the emergency ward due the presence of huge work pressure. This report will discuss about the existing reward practices in Royal Perth Hospital and their implications on the employee performance. In addition, some alternative reward practices will also be discussed in this report, which could also be used in managing the employee performance. Some recommended steps will also be discussed in this report. Current reward practices in Royal Perth Hospital Employee recognition There are various reward practices initiated by Royal Perth Hospital for their staffs in the emergency department. One of the major reward practices identified is the recognition of the contribution of the staffs in the emergency ward. Recognizing the contribution of the staffs in the emergency department is important due to the reason that it will motivate them to perform much better. According to Harrison (2013), employee recognition is important in order to acknowledge the contribution of the staffs in their workplace. According to the authors, everyone tends to get motivated if their jobs and works are recognized in public. However, on the other hand, strategy of employee recognition initiated by Royal Perth Hospital is having limitation. This is due to the reason that in the emergency deportment, jobs are being done based on the urgency rather than the extent to which the job of the employees will be recognized. Moreover, in the short term, employee recognition will have positive impact on the performance of the employees but in the long term and especially in the emergency department, it will have limited impact. Staffs working in the emergency department stay in huge work pressure and thus mere recognizing their work will not motivate them further. According to various reports, Australian healthcare sector is going through huge workload and there are various instances where doctors are continuously working for straight 24 hours. In these cases, recognizing their contribution will not fetch any positive result. Fringe benefits Another reward practice initiated by Royal Perth Hospital is providing fringe benefits to their staffs in the emergency department. This includes providing added extrinsic benefits to the staffs apart from the basic extrinsic benefits to them. Some of the fringe benefits practiced by Royal Perth Hospital are providing medical assurances to the staffs, which are higher compared to the staffs in other departments. Another benefit provided by them to their staffs in the emergency department is free transportation. The hospital is providing free transportation to their staffs, which are having dual benefits for them. One of the major benefits for them is the availability of the staffs in the department at any point of time. As the hospital is responsible for the transportation, they can make their staffs available in case of any emergencies. On the other hand, this is also creating positive impression among the staffs regarding their workplace. According to Mosadeghrad and Ferdosi (2013), providing of fringe benefits to the employees will enhance the organizational commitment of the employees in the healthcare sector. Thus, in the emergency department, organizational commitment is much more expected and important. Staffs should be committed enough to deal with unprecedented situations, which are not decided earlier. However, in this case also, Royal Perth Hospital is having limited advantage from the initiation of the fringe benefits. According to the reports, doctors in Australia are having huge workload and in spite of getting various benefits, they are remaining demoralized. This is due to the reason that doctors in the emergency department are in the need of more inclusivemechanism of performance management rather than offering added fringe benefits to them. Favorable compensation Compensation is the basic requirement for the staffs in the workplace. Providing favorable compensation also helps in motivating the staffs in their workplace along with maintaining their organizational commitment. Royal Perth Hospital being one of the major regional hospitals in the Australia offers best in the industry perks for their staffs in the emergency department. According to Schulz, Chowdhury and Van de Voort (2013), employee performance and employee compensation are having direct relationship. The more favorable will be the compensation, the more will be the level of engagement and motivation among the staffs in their workplace. Thus, in the case of the emergency department in the organization, staffs will be more motivated to deal with their work challenges effectively. However, in the case of the Royal Perth Hospital, doctors and other official are already getting favorable compensation for their respective job profiles. However, only the compensation will not be able to reduce the workload from them. This aspect ofperformance management will also have only short term impact and in the long term, staffs will get further motivated with the increase in their compensation given how much pressure they need to undertake. Alternative reward practices The current reward practices of Royal Perth Hospital are mostly effective in the short term rather than in the long term. Therefore, there should have some alternative reward practices, which will have more effectiveness in managing the staffs in the emergency department. Work life balance According to the reports, Australian healthcare sector is posing huge challenges especially for the staffs in the emergency sector. This is mainly due to the reason that doctors and other officials have to work on huge pressure and with having less assistance and human resources. In certain cases, doctors have to work for 24 hours in the emergency department at a stretch. It is affecting their personal life as well as their professional effectiveness. Therefore, one of the key strategies will be having favorable work life balance for the staffs. Doctors should have fixed schedules and officials should be more in the emergency department to initiate shift based working. Moreover, it is also to be considered that Royal Perth Hospital should take care of the personal life of the staffs and providing them to have enough personal space. This will reduce the monotonous situation faced by the doctors in their workplace. According to Isaacs (2016), initiation of the proper work life balance will help the staffs in the emergency department to stay motivated. This will also help them to stay focused and energized in their workplace Work flexibility Another effective reward system for the staffs in the emergency department will be providence of work flexibility. This refers to the providence of the autonomy to the doctors in taking their decisions. This will enable the doctors to design their work schedules in their way. Thus, they will manage the work load accordingly and will not have any added pressure. Work flexibility will also help the doctors in dealing the emergency situation in their own way and best possible manner. Promotion Over other mechanism of rewards, promotion will be more effective due to the reason that promotion will enable the officials in the emergency department to relocate themselves other departments and in other positions. On the other hand, financial reward will only enhance the financial benefits for the doctors and other officials. However, the key issue with the doctors in the emergency department is the work pressure or the work load rather than the rate of compensation. In this case, Royal Perth Hospital should also consider promotion of the doctors and other staffs as the alternative reward mechanism. Staffs in the emergency department will be more motivated to perform better due to the reason that the more will be their productivity, the more will be the chances of getting promoted to other deportments in different positions. According to Grabner Moers (2013), initiation of the job promotion will help enhance the job rotation among the employees and the employees will not face job monotony due to the fact that they will be promoted in different positions with having different job profiles. Thus, their effectiveness, productivity and level of motivation will be more in this case. This reward system can also be considered as one of the key alternative strategy. Recommendations Rewarding employees has become a norm in near about every organization in recent days. Below are few recommendations for thehospital management of Royal Perth in order to improve its current reward and performancemanagement processes: It can provide free vacations to the staffs every two years In case if any staff passes away while working for the hospital, hospital can give his/her family member or spouse fifty percent of their salary, without considering their length of tenure, per year for the coming decade. Make a rule of thanking every employee for their good work. Simply a Good Job from the part of CEO could go a long way (Latham, 2013). Provide every staffs with primary care, complete physicals, wellness examinations, vaccines, lab tests with little or free of cost. Rewarding Safety. The hospital can pay out its employees and nurses with safety bonuses for following the safe work practices Offsite the activities of the employees will be a great reward. Taking the nurses and other staffs off-site for several outdoor activities during their paid work hours will be surely appreciated by them Conclusion From the above discussion it is clear that though Royal Perth is one of the most well known hospitals in the Australian region, it is facing issues in its HRM practices as there is an issue of demoralization of the workers in its emergency ward because of huge work pressure. The hospital is providing its staffs with various benefits like the fringe benefits and favorable compensations to them. It has also initiated several reward practices in order to meet with the issues but they are only effective for short term. Furthermore, it is to be noted that the strategy of employee recognition that are initiated by the Royal Perth Hospital has several limitation because in the emergency department of the hospital, the staffs does their job depending on the urgency instead of relying on the extent to which their work will be recognized. Hence, several alternative reward practices are suggested for the same. The discussion has ended up with several recommendations for the part of Human Resour ce Management team of the hospital so that the current reward policies and practices in Royal Perth could be improved. References Grabner, I., Moers, F. (2013). Managers' Choices of Performance Measures in Promotion Decisions: An Analysis of Alternative Job Assignments.Journal of Accounting Research,51(5), 1187-1220. Harrison, K. (2013). Why employee recognition is so important.Cutting Edge PR. Harting, D.(2010). Employees your most valuable asset. Retrieved January,3, 2013. Isaacs, D. (2016). Work?life balance.Journal of paediatrics and child health,52(1), 5-6. Latham, J. R. (2013). A framework for leading the transformation to performance excellence part II: CEO perspectives on leadership behaviors, individual leader characteristics, and organizational culture.Quality Management Journal,20(3), 19-40. Mosadeghrad, A. M., Ferdosi, M. (2013). Leadership, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in healthcare sector: Proposing and testing a model.Materia socio-medica,25(2), 121. Schulz, E., Chowdhury, S., Van de Voort, D. (2013). Firm productivity moderated link between human capital and compensation: The significance of task?specific human capital.Human Resource Management,52(3), 423-439.

The cybernetic model of organization

This paper provides a conceptual approach to solve problems of governance, management, and leadership in an academic institution in order to improve on; accountability, student enrollment, and cost reduction. An institution should develop a new approach to governance, management and leadership that is based upon a cybernetic model (Birnbaum, 1991).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The cybernetic model of organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cybernetic model approach is important because it suggests how other subsystems in an institution function simultaneously, in all types of colleges and universities, to enhance a self correcting institution. The self correcting process of an institution focus on a control structure that is defined in terms of a signaling mechanism to monitor acceptable changes that can enhance fundamental changes within an institution. There are four main models of insti tutional governance that are crucial in the evolving literature of higher education. These models include; the institution as a bureaucracy, a collegial system, a political system, and an organized anarchy. These models assist in the analysis of an organizational structure of an institution. Organizations are composed of three levels of control and responsibility. These comprise of the technical level, the institutional level, and the managerial level. The managerial level is important because it provides a link between the technical level and the institutional level and buffers the technical level against problems of funding, fluctuations in student enrollments and political interference (Birnbaum, 1991). According to Birnbaum (1991), the technical level should ensure rationality in decision making and should also encompass bureaucracy in management. The technical level in an institution comprises of elements that turn inputs, such as, students, finances, and societal expectations, into outputs, such as, graduates, knowledge, service and status. In an educational institution, inputs in an open system are more complex and encompass various components like; different ideologies, individuals, resources, as well as, other subsystems (Birnbaum, 1988). Moreover, a faculty should make transformations in response to the technological advancements and the institution should develop an effective administrative system, technical system, and improve the learning environment. Putting more emphasis on the technical system ensures that an institution will transform the inputs into outputs in a process through which teaching, research and other services are accomplished. Teaching and research are the most basic elements that pose a greater degree of uncertainty to most institutions. According to Birnbaum (1991) an academic institution should work in an environment that uses modern technology with an effective governance system. An Institution should respond to an environment that provides a new face on both economic and social terms, as well as, political and physical character.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The differences in a college environment are equivalent to its technical subsystems, therefore, an institution should improve on teaching, research and services, in order to, enhance technological innovations by allocating more effort to the technical level. School enrollment should be based on a policy that supports open admissions and that puts emphasis on remedial education that is not present in other selective institutions. In addition, an institution should hire more PhD holders in order to realize professionalism in service delivery. According to Birnbaum (1991), this will enhance a distinct pattern of technology in the institution’s operations. The technical chore and the managerial systems should work together by incorpor ating technology to improve the process of institutional management. A stable management system is appropriate when change is not frequent in an institution and in situations where problems persist. Therefore an institution should incorporate a centralized decision making process with specific planning to achieve its vision and mission. This calls for a cybernetic model to be utilized in the technical level in this type of an environment. When an institution experiences frequent problems, technology will be required in order to realize minimized centralization. Thus, in order to manage finances, increase student enrollment, increase the use of information technology, and to foster accountability in the management of an institution, adaptive technology provides the best option. An institution should design an organizational structure that comprises of a coordinated management process, in order to, achieve its plans and to enhance accountability within its operations. Furthermore, stu dents’ enrollments and economic cost reductions can be improved by hiring adjunct faculty. An institution should transform its organizational structure, in order to, meet the modern faculty requirements. Therefore, an instructional model is important than the learning model because it leads to fundamental changes in the responsibility of a faculty. The faculty should facilitate the creation of an appropriate environment for students from diverse backgrounds to learn. This will entail the use of technology to include the application of distance learning that will enhance a new measure of productivity.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The cybernetic model of organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, an institution should hire professionals to operate in a decentralized manner, in order to, realize fundamental changes in organizational structure. These will foster a fundamental cha nge in the role of the technical core that comprises of the structure and design, technology and operations, as well as, human resources. In conclusion, the cybernetic model is an important tool that can be employed to achieve the desirable changes in an institution. It provides direction through self-regulation that may be accomplished through the use of cybernetic controls. It is a self correcting mechanism that closely monitors an organization’s functions by providing signals to participants when things are not operating well (Marcus, 1997). A cybernetic institution provides an effective leadership that functions according to the cybernetic principles. The cybernetic principles can influence an organizational constraint and when the model is combined with effective leadership skills, it creates an environment that fosters fundamental changes in an institution (Alfred, 1998). References Alfred, R., L. (1998). Shared governance in community colleges. Education commission of the states: Policy paper, 1-8. Birnbaum, R. (1988). How colleges work: The cybernetics of academic organization and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Birnbaum, R. (1991). Effective administration and leadership in the cybernetic institution. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Marcus, L., R. (1997). Restructuring state higher education governance patterns. The review of higher education, 20(4), 399-418.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This critical writing on The cybernetic model of organization was written and submitted by user Vivienne Hull to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Voyage of the Beagle essays

Voyage of the Beagle essays Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England and died at the Down House in Kent on April 19, 1882. Darwin spent his childhood playing at The Mount, the Darwin house. Charles was taught at home by his sister Caroline until he was eight years old. After leaving his sister he spent a year at a day school and transferred to a boarding school, the Shrewsbury School, only a mile away from The Mount. There Charles would go to work until age sixteen, when his father sent him to the University of Edinburgh to learn and work with medicine. Darwin spent a lot of time working and collecting, hunting, and naturalizing instead of utilizing and learning medicine. It was there that he first learned to study and collect beetles. After two years, it was obvious that Darwin did not want to become a doctor, so with the help of his father, Darwin transferred to the University of Cambridge to study for the clergy of the Anglican Church. At the Church he became friends with the old er botanist John Henslow. In no time at all, he was a regular visitor at Henslow's house, rubbing shoulders with fellow undergraduates and more senior members of the university's scientific community, including the Reverend Professors Adam Sedgwick and William Whewell. Darwin attended Henslow's field trips attentively, and was soon taking long, almost daily walks with his tutor. After graduating, in 1831, Darwin was offered a position on board the HMS Beagle, a ship that was mapping the coast of South America on a two or three year voyage around the world. He eagerly accepted the opportunity and spent the next five years on board, taking copious notes and sending thousands of samples and specimens back to Henslow in England for safe- keeping. When Darwin returned to England he found that Henslow and other geologists, zoologists, and botanists were fascinated by the specimens he had collected. He spent the next ten years cataloging and describing the disc...

Courses Recommended for Medical School Applicants

Courses Recommended for Medical School Applicants Perhaps it goes without saying that getting into medical school is challenging. With about 90,000 applicants each year and an acceptance rate of 44%, you cannot afford to slack on any entry requirements. It becomes even more challenging  gaining admission to medical school  when you are applying to the top 100 schools in the U.S., whose acceptance rate is a mere 6.9 percent in 2015.   One very simple prerequisite for entry to med school is completing all the required courses necessary to apply. These courses are nonnegotiable because they are required by the Association of American Medical Schools (AAMC), the organization that accredits medical schools. Make sure you have all of the following courses completed (or in the process of being completed) when you apply to medical school. Required Courses Since the medical field is heavy in sciences that concern the body and its environment, one would be right to assume a full year (two semesters) of biology and physics are needed to meet the AAMC prerequisites for applicants. Some schools may also require a semester of genetics and to ensure the applicant receives a well-rounded education and has the skills necessary to communicate well, a full year of English is also required.   Additionally, the AAMC requires applicants to complete one year each of organic and inorganic chemistry. These specific fields of study improve applicants understanding of the fundamentals of science as it relates to the medical field, be it for the chemicals needed in aesthetic treatment or for the chemical components of living matter.   Although thats all of the required courses specific to applying to medical schools, you also have to abide by your colleges curriculum  guidelines in order to earn your degree. Be sure to consult your counselor about which courses are required for your degree and how best to integrate the required courses into your schedule.   Recommended Courses You should also discuss courses that your counselor recommends that will give you a competitive advantage in your admission to medical school. Although these courses are not required, they could greatly help simplify your graduate-level studies. Taking Calculus- which many schools do require- could, for instance, lend to simplifying later chemistry equations youll need to use to pass advanced classes.   Many of the recommended courses also help prepare the potential med school student for being a doctor. Molecular biology, neuroscience, and upper-level psychology are often recommended to help the hopeful doctorate better understand more advanced lessons detailing the body and the brain. Statistics or epidemiology and ethics will help the doctor to understand the variety of patients and potential outcomes he or she may face in his or her career. These recommended courses illustrate the basic educational themes that med schools look for in applicants: the capacity and interest for understanding science, logical thinking,  good communication skills, and high ethical standards.  Ã‚  You don’t need to be a premed major  to complete these courses and meet the prerequisites for medical school, but make no mistake that a premed major certainly helps.

E-commerce (online shopping) in Saudi Arabia and the UK Coursework

E-commerce (online shopping) in Saudi Arabia and the UK - Coursework Example The need to promote the sales for many organizations has promoted the rise of E-commerce1. However, E-commerce was initially a preserve of large companies, until the perception for its structures and models changed. Recently, many organizations, both big and small are venturing into E-commerce, which is a promising prospect for enhanced growth. Therefore, to reap the benefits arising from E-commerce, many governments have been promoting technology use for the governmental and the private sector organizations2. In advancing technology use for business growth, Saudi Arabia and the UK alike have been involved in E-commerce. Structure of E-commerce in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has adopted E-commerce as a channel for sales and distribution, to enhance the internationalization of the country’s brands and sales, while also reaching the target market 1. The country has a large retail market, consisting of domestic consumers of both genders, whose purchasing power is high. The rate of growth of the Saudi Arabian Middle Class has been on the rise, making it possible for a large population to earn good incomes, which increase their purchasing power 2. However, E-commerce has not been fully adopted in the retail sector, due to lack of effective knowhow, lack of necessary infrastructure and lack of requisite full government support

Prison Labour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Prison Labour - Essay Example There has been a debate for centuries over the issue of imprisonment labour effects upon both prison and non-prison employment. Such effects are based on only subjective confirmation. Supporters of prison labour publicize its communal advantages through minimized prison's expenses, better performance among the inmates, probable decline in inmate violence, and corrective remedy by means of social skills development. Whereas antagonists raise the objection that prison labour creates joblessness and decline in sales in the outer world.1 Significance of Prison Labor As stated by Buck2 labour is said to be a fundamental element within prison's affairs. It is considered as a source of not only the reprimand but a corrective measure also, it is being perceived as a straitlaced compulsion and a rehabilitation attempt as well. According to Focault3, prison labour aims to create a legitimate power relation, a notion of submission on the part of inmates and a corrective and constructive mechanism. Focault marks down the value of profit as a work stimulus, though, during the period of escalating industrialized development, the amounts of profits are great. As incarceration work is based on the dynamic of compliance to authority and dominance, thus it always has a threat of revolt and aggression, that is, to respond ethically and morally in debauched circumstances full of oppression and humiliation. Forced labour seems to be morally wrong although being validated for centuries by the church as a corrective mode. Efficiency and labour may not be parallel at times. Labour is a calculated product for organizing pursuit of mankind apparently to have profit, but may be different for others who claim to have all sources of production like human resource, minerals, land etc. They inscribe it through an ethical angle for the development of improved lifestyle such as stability, compliance and passivity. Labour, if viewed as a planned and quantifiable object, seems to be a manipulation of human resource and an inspiration for producing worth. Mental labour is also probable to be apprehended by those making payments to scientists and educators, o r giving salaries to technical employees.4 Rights of Prisoners for Prison labour Prisons are not meant to be particularly hospitable places, punishment as a goal of imprisonment implies a certain level of discomfort. Since the establishment of punishment by incarceration, prison conditions have had notably harsh effects upon the human body and mind.5 As stated by Johnston6 although conditions have varied over time and between institutions, reformers have constantly voiced concerns over the treatment of prisoners. Approximately four decades ago, federal courts began responding to complaints of inhumane treatment by applying the Constitutional Eighth Amendment prohibition against brutal and extraordinary punishment to demarcate a line between conditions of confinement that are uncomfortable and those which are unconstitutional.7 Along with the expansions of civil rights for inmates, courts mandated the costly reorganization of prisons. The prisons, once characterized by local autonomy and self-rule, were transformed into modern bureaucratic institutions designed to protect prisoners' newly acquired rights.8 International

Electro-optics and Infrared Essay Example for Free

Electro-optics and Infrared Essay Electronic warfare involves the utilization of techniques, equipment and devices to counteract or deny the enemy from using radar, communications and other radio wave devices. The EW techniques can be further subdivided into electronic support, electronic attack and electronic protection (Frater Ryan, 2001). Electronic support (ES) involves actions taken by an operational commander to search, intercept, identify and locate sources of electromagnetic energy. ES is considered to be passive as it involves using passive measures which do not generate their own energy. Electronic attack (EA) involves using electromagnetic energy to attack facilities, equipment or personnel in order to destroy the enemys combat capability. EA is taken be an active technique as it involves jamming, neutralization and electronic deception, which are usually noisy since they generate their own energy (Goodman Carus, 1990). Jamming entails use of electromagnetic energy to prevent radio signal transmission. In neutralizing the enemy’s signal, extremely high levels of electromagnetic radiation are utilized to damage permanently the enemy’s electronic equipment. While in electronic deception false or misleading signals are sent in order to deceive and confuse the enemy. Electronic protection (EP) entails the actions taken to protect facilities, personnel and equipment from effects of EW that would destroy or damage their combat capability. EP involves using active and passive techniques (Frater Ryan, 2001). In the past, EW systems were mainly concerned with the microwave spectrum region but nowadays it is continuously shifting to the longer wavelengths of IR and also to the visible region. The current weapon systems are increasingly exploiting a mixture of sensors in order to overcome the adverse climatic conditions (Szweda, 2000). To such systems, countermeasures are also needed which include compact diode laser light sources. Additionally, small and light equipment which provide a wide range of sensors and countermeasures is also needed (Selex Galileo, 2009). Land environment EW systems in land operations are very important to the military since most of their operations are done on land. In most countries their military forces are still equipped with old equipment which were utilized in the Second World War and thus are planning to adopt new ones. For instance, Canada has not yet adopted the new equipment and hence is planning to update its land EW equipment in a few years time (Farley Gauthier, 2008). According to Bellamy (1987), developments in the weapons platforms and protection have taken place gradually and slowly, and the external appearance of the battlefield can easily be seen for the year 2000 or 2010. However, in the EW field changes have occurred rapidly as new equipments are being made which serve the military better. The EW field has become like a battle field as military forces are trying to outdo each other. For instance, in equipping its military forces, the British government purchased the first soothsayer equipment at cost of about $220 million and was to start using it in 2006 (Deagel, 2003). Many countries inclusive of the United State of America are investing many funds in research on the EW systems in order to increase the military strengths (Szweda, 2000). The primary bands of the radar and its frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum are VHF, UHF and it continues onwards. The commonly used wave frequencies by the US, NATO and other military forces, ranges from about 26. 5 GHz to about 170 GHz (Bellamy, 1987). The communication channel contains a band of frequencies, however, during communications the equipment are tuned to certain frequency in order to communicate with the other person on the other side. For high communication quality broad band are essential, but are usually prone to jamming and interception by another person who could be the enemy. To avoid jamming or interception, narrow bands are therefore preferred and thus are most commonly used. On land EW systems and especially the radar components have many functions which are very useful to the military and some of them include; locating weapons, tracking shell, surveillance of battlefield, ground vehicle self protection, subsurface object detection, among others (Bretton, 1986). This information is essential for the military as it saves the lives of many military personnel. For instance, locating weapons allows military to detect land mines or bombs which have been laid down as a trap and hence are able to deactivate them. There are several EW techniques currently being used. For instance the British army is equipped with soothsayer EW equipment which is used for detecting and identifying radar and radio signals on the battlefield. This equipment is usually mounted on lightweight and armored military vehicles. Currently, the neodymium-YAG laser is also being used as optical range finders, however, the equipment is undergoing improvement in order to increase its smoke penetration power (Margiotta, 2004). Another technique being utilized is the signal intelligence. Signal intelligence (SIGNIT) This technique involves gathering intelligent information by intercepting signals between individuals using electronic equipment (Lindborg, 1997). It entails use of cryptanalysis since sensitive information is usually encrypted. Traffic analysis is also used in some cases to get valuable information. Through traffic analysis information concerning the sender and the receiver of that information and the quantity of information shared between the two individuals can be easily obtained (Shulsky Schmitt, 2002). This technique is broad and thus has many subdivisions; however, the two main subdivisions include communication intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT). Currently, the SIGNIT techniques also involves use optical devices thereby making it more effective and efficient. a) COMINT This type deals with voice information or messages which are derived from an interception of foreign communications (Lockwood, 2006). This technique is used for text interception, voice interception, signal channeling interception and for monitoring friendly conversations (Yusof, 1999). Text interception is currently not being used by many military forces. Military forces of nations of the former Soviet Union are the still using it and it involves use of Morse code. Radio frequencies are scanned for character sequences and facsimile in order to get intelligence information. In voice interception the technique involves listening to voice communications over radios, telephones or through wiretaps. In cases where the communication is encrypted, the information is first decrypted through an intro-electric diagram process for it to be heard. However, the interceptor has to understand the language used in order to get the information. Furthermore, the technique is also utilized to monitor own communication in order to avoid leaking intelligence information to the enemy. b) ELINT This involves use of electronic sensors to gather intelligence information. This technique focuses mainly on non-communication signals intelligence. The process entails signal identification through analysis of certain parameters, then matching the signal parameter with known parameters or recording it as potential new emitter. The data collected is usually highly classified and hence given much security to prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing it. The basic ELINT target are all radar types and these include fire control navigation, surveillance and all radars deployed on sea, land and even in the air. Other targets include navigation systems, data links, command links and telemetry links (Ince et al, 2000). In most cases and especially in times of peace, ELINT is performed regularly prior to a specific mission. Peace operations have the objective of obtaining the maximum possible information on a complete electromagnetic radiation within the areas of interest in any particular nation. In such cases, special ships, satellites, aircraft and land based ELINT facilities are utilized which operate in comprehensive reconnaissance schedules. Maritime In the maritime environment, the EW systems have to meet their operational capability requirements in order to be effective and hence meet their objectives. However, there is a high occurrence chance of adverse electromagnetic interference between the EW and sensor system, since the maritime platforms operate jointly and also the number of EW and sensor system fitted in the maritime platforms has been increasing continually (DallArmi-Stoks et al, 2007). EW systems are mainly utilized for intelligence gathering and for self protection. They are utilized for maritime surveillance because of their capability in detecting, classifying and identification of the targets by intercepting their communication and radar emissions. However, they are not useful when the target element is observing radio silence since there are no emissions of electromagnetic radiations (Ince et al, 2000). In target identification during surveillance, the method used by the EW systems involves finding several features in the intercepted signals which are unique to all emitters. These features mainly include; modulation, carrier frequency and stability, types and number of emitters, pulse width and pulse repetition frequency (Ince et al, 2000). Through the library carried by the interceptor, the target is identified. The library is usually obtained through ELINT as it collects and records much data from non-communication equipment radiation. The EW systems are usually installed in submarines or vessels for combat. There are several modern equipments which are currently being used but in limited number because of their cost. One is the naval laser warning system which is installed in surface ships. This system enables the ships command team to detect the presence of laser activity in the surrounding (Saab, 2009). They are essential for situation awareness as they allows individuals to detect any laser activity in their surrounding from the enemy. The laser warning system detects, classifies and identifies the threats and allows individuals to prepare themselves from any attack and to maneuver to safer locations. This system is also used in submarines for detection of anti-submarine LIDAR. Another EW system used is the submarine ELINT systems, which utilizes phase interferometer in order to increase accuracy when finding direction (Saab, 2009). This system comprises of radar Warner receiver antenna, an ELINT antenna, and EW processing unit installed in the vessel. Air Environment In the air environment, EW systems are used mainly for jamming, finding direction and for intelligence analysis of the ground military forces’ telephone, radio and Morse transmissions. Currently, the EW systems being used use complex command and control communications to link command posts and other posts such as weapons and radar posts (Boyne Fopp, 2002). In the past EW systems in the air force were not taken to be vitally important, but in the recent years they have become one of the critical parts of the air force plans (Gons, 2004). This is because the effectiveness of an aircraft depends greatly on the ability of the EW system. EW systems are essential for the military force to maintain dominance in the air and space. In aircrafts, the use of barrage jamming by simultaneous blocking a wide range of frequencies is currently becoming outdated since it utilizes much electrical power (Brown, 1986). Currently, lasers are being increasingly used because of their low power consumption, space saving, and many other advantages. A number of aircrafts are fitted with the modern optical devices which are entails use of lasers. One of the aircraft with modern optical devices is the air defense version of the Tornado (Brown, 1986). Optical devices used are the lasers radar which are considered to be less radical and helpful in visual recognition. There are also useful for aircraft recognition and tracking at long ranges which are usually achievable by air to air missiles. However, lasers have very narrow frequencies and thus can easily be tracked or intercepted. Furthermore, currently transferring electronic warfare capabilities across multiple platforms is not possible (AFPN, 2008). This can be attributed to lack of data standard or hardware. Conclusion and recommendation EW system EM compatibility should be addressed and managed properly using the correct procedures put in place in order to reduce EM interference. Otherwise the process of eliminating electromagnetic interference will become expensive and might affect the operational capability of the entire EW system. Consequently, adequate training might be helpful in ensuring that the proper procedures are followed. Ensuring that the right personnel have sufficient skills and knowledge on matters concerning EW system electromagnetic compatibility, interference problems will be greatly reduced. In addition to that, policies need to be developed and implemented to ensure that the correct procedures for addressing and managing the EW system electromagnetic compatibility are utilized. Policies will ensure that the technicians follow the proper procedures and not their own short cut procedures. In managing the complexity and the capability problems related to electromagnetic radiation in the EW system, it is essential that the electromagnetic capability and interference be assessed during the stages of planning, designing and even the development of the system. In addition to that assessment should be done during the installation and operation of the electronic and electrical equipment and all the stages should be governed by the electromagnetic interference control plan. Additionally, more research needs to be done on the EW systems used in the aircrafts. This is because transference of electronic warfare capabilities across multiple platforms is currently not possible. Since there is no data standard or hardware in existence, if one particular aircraft has tremendous capabilities against a certain threat, the capabilities have to be regenerated separately for other platforms. This process therefore wastes a lot time and money in regeneration of new aircrafts. This problem is not just affecting the air force but the entire military force. Researchers therefore need to concentrate more on weapon systems compatibility with electronic warfare programs. With more research standardized EW programs that are compatible with all or majority of weapon systems will be developed. In spite of the lasers being easily intercepted, they provide a number of useful advantages which include accuracy and long distance coverage. In order to eliminate the disadvantages in using lasers, research is essential and thus researchers need to find ways of maximizing the advantages of lasers and minimizing the disadvantages. However, researches need many funds and thus governments and other organizations need to invest money in funding these researches. Furthermore, an integrated approach is also needed that combines sensors, weapons, self protection systems and the centralized countermeasures systems. The approach entails use of preprogrammed automated control, command and communications networks which can transmit data from systems that collect it to EW systems. Consequently, a centralized command facility should be put in place which allows senior military officers to prioritize the threats and to determine the methods to use against that particular adversary system. Additionally, an integrated intelligence system is required which combines the large amount of data collected by the sensors and then transforms it to useful information. In conclusion, funds are essential in achieving all the above recommendations. Researches and especially scientific researches are usually expensive as they require modernized equipment, enough scientist and engineers who have adequate skills and knowledge. Governments and other world organizations therefore need to invest more money in electro-optic EW systems since they provide many advantages which are cost effective and efficient and thus useful for peace missions.

Kids feel safe in Boston public school environment :: Journalism School Papers

Kids feel safe in Boston public school environment A Boston high school student stood alone, waiting for a public bus to take him home after school had let out. When he was approached by a group of kids who attempted to assault him, his first instinct was to run. He did not run to a neighbor's house. He did not bother to look for a police station. He simply ran to the safest place he knew — his school. He proceeded to bang on the double doors until a custodian reluctantly opened them. But it didn't matter. The kids had already dispersed when the student reached the school grounds. "He clearly thought it was a safe-haven because he ran back to the building and begged to get in," said John D. Sisco, the chief of school police in Boston. Sisco said students over the last 10 years have come to view their schools as an escape from the outside world. "In general, I believe the kids do feel safe," Sisco said. "Kids tell us that it's dangerous in the streets." In September, a 15-year-old Charlestown High School student was shot in the leg while walking to volunteer at a Boys & Girls Club after school. Boston Police Captain Bernard O'Rourke said the shooter was standing on the corner of Bunker Hill and Polk Streets, about 150 yards from the school, at about 2 p.m. when school let out. After the incident, extra police officers were temporarily assigned to cover the school, but they were soon called away to deal with other incidents. "It would be nice if they would have a police car there at dismissal but it just happened that day that there was no police car there," said Headmaster Michael Fung. Nathalie Martinez, who has lived in the development behind the school for 10 years, told the Boston Globe right after the incident that "usually it's pretty quiet around here, except when it's during the school year. It's crazy, and it's only the beginning of the school year. What's going to happen in the middle?" In response to this comment, Fung said of his 1,190 student campus, "it's always quiet if there are no people around." "Charlestown has the lowest crime rate in Boston," Fung said. "Lower than Beacon Hill." He said things like the shooting are "unpredictable" and that it was an "isolated case." "I usually go home real late, at like 8 or 9 [p.m.], and just go there to the bus stop and nothing ever happens.

Problems Encountered in Ojt in Hotel and Restaurant

Research title for hotel and restaurant management: â€Å"PERCEPTION OF CUSTOMERS ON THE QUALITY OF FOOD SERVICES OFFERED BY SELECTED RESTAURANT† The researcher choose bar and grill as a food service establishment that they will use in determining. The service quality it provides because many of the restaurant found in Bulacan is bar and grill. The service quality of some of the bar and grill restaurants found in Bulacan has been observed to be poor and unsatisfying to other customers. The causes must be found on the remedial measures may be done.The researcher will use the SERVQUAL instrument developed by Mr. Eduardo Castro of College of Engineering in Bulacan state University.THE CURRENT BUSINESS STATUS OF THE RECOVERY ROOM RESTAURANT AND BAR : AN ASSESSMENTThis study focused on the analysis of the current business status of the recovery room restaurant and bar. It is primarily to develop innovative management policies and new marketing strategies that should be done and implement to improve the operations management of the establishment.This also aime to improve the current business status of the recovery room restaurant an d bar to achieve customer loyalty, to achieve total customer satisfaction, to boost productivity among their employees, to assume financial stability and to boost sales and beat the competitions. The respondents of the are the recovery room restaurant and bar top management level, personnel and customers. THE ACCEPTABILITY OF DOUGHNUT ON A STICK AS A HEALTHY STREET FOOD OPTIONThe focus of the study was to determine the acceptability of donut on a stick as a healthy-street food option.The respondents of the study were the students of all school level like nursery, elementary, highschool and college. The selection was done at random basis. Other respondents were passer’s by that includes parents, instructors or professor and other individual that were not classified as students to assure how effective and efficient the study was the respondents were also the customers who bought the doughnuts from 10:00 in the morning up to 5:00 in the afternoon which was important in evaluatin g the product.ASSESSMENT OF TRAINEES COMPETENCIES This study focused on the local training fifty students trainees of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management at Bulacan State University. The aspect to be studied was limited to the competencies of the trainees during their local on the job training. The respondents of the study were fifty students from Hotel and Restaurant Management course at Bulacan State University, City of Malolos, Bulacan batch 2010-2011 who have undergone local training. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL SKILLS AND MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES OF HRM AND NON-HRM GRADUATES EMPLOYED IN SELECTED HOTELS IN BULACANThe study evaluated the technical skills and management competencies of HRM and NON-HRM graduates employed in selected hotel in Bulacan. It examined the amount of training that should be provided in college and industry. The study attempted to learn the responsibility of the school in equipping their students with skill-building opportuinitie s so their students can compete effectively in the hospitality industry.Problems Encountered By The Hotel And Restaurant Management Practicums In Their On-the-Job-Training Customer Service One of the main issues that management has to face in the hotel and restaurant industry is dealing with difficult customers. Dealing with these customers takes patience, finesse, and knowing what steps are possible for management to take. A manager usually has the power to provide a free meal, entree, or even to comp a room for a night for a guest when there is a difficult problem.The manager has to know what is appropriate given the current situation. For example, a customer who finds glass in their food expects that meal to be replaced and to be free. A person may also expect a hotel room to be free for at least one night if there was a problem with the room's plumbing, the reservation or something similar. It is the job of the manager to placate the person correctly and solve the problem withou t giving too many free items away. Maintenance problems Maintenance problems can often arise with hotel and restaurant management.On the job training in a practicum situation may see an issue arise with the plumbing or there may be other issues with regards to maintenance. One would have to figure out how to solve the issue appropriately and quickly to ensure no loss of customers and minimal after effects. * Food and timing The timing of food being ordered and delivered to the table can be a problem that comes up in a practicum because restaurants get busy and the chefs have to keep up. When they do not, or if food arrives at the table cold, a manager has to solve the issue with the employees and placate the customer.

Katie Hopkins Response to Article Essay

On review of your article ‘’I won’t let my children play with friends that I deem beneath them†¦ that’s what caring mothers do’: Apprentice star admits she targets playmates who are a good influence’ I was shocked to see that you judge children! Not only are you judging children who are too young to even acknowledge their actions but you go as far as to even judge them on the names they have. Children are given names by their parents and therefore have no control of it, you claim that children with Victorian sounding names have smarter parents therefore smarter kids however even a child that has been brought up in a bad environment can flourish at a school where their education is valued. Later on, you state ‘Similarly, I make a mental note when Poppy and India tell me that a particular child – let’s call him Peter – is always late for school. ‘ here you judge a child without even knowing their situation e ven though they could have a medical condition or have a special medical need that requires some time to be attended to. As well as this they might even be in Gifted & Talented and be needing more attention than your daughters who may not be as gifted therefore could be a good impact on your children. You then also say ‘If his parents can’t be bothered to get him into class on time, they clearly don’t care about the education of their child – and, worse still, are hindering the learning of others. My girls are as frustrated with this continual tardiness as I am. Is it beyond the wit of a parent to get their child to school on time?’ First of all you don’t even know the situation of the family they could be in a state of poverty and might not be able to drive to school they would have to walk. As Peter is growing it would be bad to get him to wake up at 5 so he can get to school on time when he catch up on everything he missed after school without it affecting him. After this you say ‘When I hear my daughters talking about children who have all the latest gadgets – whether it’s an iPhone or iPad – I’m instantly on my guard because they definitely won’t have time to devote to homework. As a result, I will discourage any friendship.’ This is beyond serious as you now begin to judge children on their wealth and status. Yes, it may affect them not being able to do their homework however such an upstanding member of the community and budding mother such as yourself must know that you could simply control their use of these gadgets until they have finished their homework.

Love Story Essays

Love Story Essays Love Story Essay Love Story Essay John and Mary was so love in each other, Mary never knew that John would change her life so much, since she got in love with him. They were like Romeo and Julie together. For every day that goes, their love gets bigger and bigger, they came so closer to each other. Every day and night, they spent their time together; there was not a single day when they were not together. They could not live without each other. John was so romantic to Mary, he spoils her with flowers and chocolates, he gave her the love that no one else was been able to give.They had been together for more than 3 years. John and Mary graduates at the same time, and then they bought together a very big house, they was happy together. Their love was so strong; there was nothing that could separate them. One day John and Mary invited their both parents on a dinner. That night every one of them was happy, they was having a good night all of them. They was dancing and singing all together. John and Mary’s parents w ere so happy for their children.They were always wishing for them to married one day. Suddenly John stood up, and and held a speech to Mary, he told how much he loved her. Suddenly he stood up and held a speech to Mary; he told how much he loved her. John knelt for Mary, and came up with the most beautiful diamante, and so he asked Mary if Mary wants to marry him. Mary says yes, and then they live a happily life. To – delt eksamen. Lydside- BilledE- Ideudvikling- klipning-Casting .

Bar vs. Debar

Bar vs. Debar Bar vs. Debar Bar vs. Debar By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Could you perhaps elaborate on the use of the verbs â€Å"bar† and â€Å"debar† in the sense of â€Å"exclude from†? The sources available to me are not clear in this instance. Both verbs are figurative expressions that derive from a use of the object called a bar: â€Å"a straight piece of wood, metal, or other rigid material, long in proportion to its thickness.† Bars are used to limit the ability of people or animals to enter or leave an area. As a verb, bar has these uses: 1. to make a place secure by placing bars or other obstacles across openings Coinneachs mother  barred the opening with  her stick and waited. When these parties were out of the house, he locked up the doors, and  barred the windows  by nailing boards and slats across them to prevent entry in that direction. The first portion of the descent is through the narrow gorge of La Chaine, so called from a chain having been stretched across it by the Swiss  to bar the entrance.   2. to forbid entrance to a place (figuratively) A mayor in Florida says he is barring Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump from his city after the businessmans latest idea to prevent Muslims from entering the United States. Lawyer attempts to bar journalists from court proceedings 3. to prevent an action, activity, or event While there are many reasons to bar a person from leaving Malaysia, the Immigration Department can only do so for people having invalid passports. Police dogs barred from crowd-control duty in St. Louis following review of Ferguson protests Debar entered English from a French verb meaning â€Å"to unbar, to remove bars.† In modern English usage, however, debar is used with the following meanings: 1. to exclude or shut out from a place or condition. 2. to set a bar or prohibition against; to prohibit, prevent, forbid. Here are recent examples of the use of debar: Bengal is one of the eight  teams debarred from  FIFAS Boys (U-13) Football Festival for fielding over-aged players in the team. The new rule, that a student might participate in only two of the three seasons for athletics, at once  debarred  Captain Randall, of the baseball  team. A total of 230 commerce  students- 75 each from the first-, second- and third-year- of N M College have been  debarred  from appearing for their semester-end examinations that start this weekend for failing to fulfill the minimum attendance criterion. Many writers more or less openly announce their desire to see motor-cars abolished and debarred  from the  use  of the highway altogether. (From a 1902 source) Well into the twentieth century  women  were  debarred  from sitting on juries. Both verbs are used to mean exclude or prevent, but to bar is far more common than to debar. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Business administrator report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business administrator report - Coursework Example the company members function within the set guidelines and regulations pertinent to the Dynamic Enterprise Company as well as turning out to be the legal consultant of the company. The Overseer is also expected to be acquaint with the Dynamic Enterprise Legal Duties and Insurance Cover alongside dispensing and recording of stocks. I operated as the main link between the company and the external contractors (Meier, et al., 2005). During the first meeting, I guaranteed that every stockholder of the company had undoubtedly understood the roles that they had to play and what was anticipated of them in the long run. The foremost resolve of the meeting was to allocate duties to the members as well as setting practicable and hands-on deadlines to each participant (Dzimbiri, 2009). The obligation of the organization spearhead was to make available to the business with the directed bearing and oversee the wide-ranging operation of the trade. The marketing administrator was expected to reach out to afford the business with a good marketing approach that will lead to improved profits to the company. Subsequently, the financial administrator was apportioned to keep and maintain all the fiscal records of the company. The operations administrator was in charge of the procedural and maintenance of the fixed flow of goings-on of the company. Finally the administrator was expected to guarantee that all the general prearrang ed activities for the business are observed by all its members in an effort to accomplish the objectives of the company (Akwetey, 2011). Minutes of the agreed responsibilities and agenda were enlisted by the administrator in line with lawful requirements of the business meeting for yet to come records and mentions. Agreeing with Akwetey (2011), outlines aid in pointing out what to sort out and when to do it. This was apparent during the conventions of the company as it was a point of reference in our meeting considerations as it pointed out on the

Satire in The Canterbury Tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Satire in The Canterbury Tales - Essay Example This is not the picture one gets with the description of the Monk who is presented as being rebellious and living a self-pleasing lifestyle not caring about what a true monk should practice. He is presented as someone whose pastime activities includes hunting hares and riding his horses instead of dedicating significant time of his life to studying, praying, and working for the society. The Monk’s character and actions stand in stark contrast to the rules of the monastery which forbids the monks from leaving the monastery, hunting and leading a reckless life. The monks chooses to disobey these rules as seen in Chaucer’s assertion that "He yaf nought of that text a pulled hen† (Greenblatt, Greenblatt, Abrams and Christ 85). Elsewhere, Chaucer also notes the Monk’s habit when it is noted "Of priking and of hunting for the hare was al his lust, for no cost wolde he spare"(191-192) which implies the Monk breaks these rules because they stand in the way of the t hings he loves. The way of Monks dressing is also satirized based on his break from traditional attire used by monks. Instead of wearing the plain habits with hoods which are the usual attire, the Monk chooses to put on one with gray fur on the sleeves of his cope and a gold pin with a love knot at the end of the hood. Chaucer describes the Monk as: This shows the Monk’s break from tradition where instead of being concerned with the poor in society, he spends his resources on accessories and the best attire. The description of the Monk based also indicates someone who does not fit into a religious lifestyle where instead of having the gold pin, the Monk was supposed to have a rosary. While being â€Å"lord ful fat† indicates a contrast from the expectation that monks should be lean due to constant fasting which might also proves he did not participate in these religious

Developmental Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developmental Assets - Essay Example Thus, cognitive engagement and behavior engagement encompasses the assets of school engagement and school boundaries in terms of the students’ involvement in learning activities and their adherence to school rules respectively. Similarly, emotional engagement covers the development asset of school climate adequately. The caring school climate involves an atmosphere of respect for each other as purported by progressivism. Ackerman (2003) insists that demonstrating respect for the student would foster a reciprocation of respect for the teacher thereby promoting an atmosphere of care and respect. The school personnel such as the teachers, the administrative staff and other such personnel would encourage the student to do the best that they can do at all times. The idea of showing favor to one student over the other would therefore be non existent. The second asset of school engagement incorporates the idea of a student being actively involved in learning. At no time is the student seen as a passive observer but the student is constantly involved in every dimension of the learning environment. The third assset which promotes the school as the primary promoter entails school boundaries. School boundaries emphasizes the fact that each school should have clear rules and consequences for breaking these rules. One risk factor that a student may experience without the strengthening of the caring school climate is the risk of cultural isolation or intolerance.This intolerance could lead to a rapid deterioration of the student’s self identity and self esteem. Such a decline in self worth may result in a number of inappropriate behaviors such as absenteeism, school drop out and delinquency. However, given a caring environment the students would understand the need to tolerate differences in each other whether it is colour, religion, or way of

Issues for Women in Law Enforcement

Issues for Women in Law Enforcement Women were not considered for law enforcement employment unless it was in a typical job in the profession such as, special units, desk and office jobs and received lower pay. While women were often thought of as being weaker in this profession, they fought to be recognized by constantly trying to prove themselves to be better in a male dominated arena. Women have had their struggles as officers in the police system, they have made advances that wouldnt have been heard of in the early 1900s Overall, women have made great strides in non-traditional careers since the 1950s. With changes in society, cultures and legal mandates have cleared the way for women to become members of law enforcement as well as other male dominated jobs in America and other areas in the world. Compared to the last ten years, law enforcement has changed to meet the demands of a continuing diverse society. We have better trained, educated, and a more diverse law enforcement to help better deal with the issues in our communities. Women were not readily welcomed to this male dominated arena. The role woman played to make this happen has been challenging. Historically, women have always been part of the general workforce in American society, although usually in jobs that fulfilled traditional female employment roles, such as such as nurses, secretaries, schoolteachers, waitresses and flight attendants. Shusta,et al. (2005). In 1845, the first women to be hired by the New York City Police Department were called matrons. In 1888 Massachusetts and New York passed legislation require communities with a population over 20,000 to hire police matrons to care for female prisoners. The early history of women police consisted largely of social service, in which women had to meet higher standards for police employment; Women police officers were given duties that did not allow or require them to work street patrol. Assignments and roles were limited to positions such as juvenile delinquency and truancy prevention, child abuse, crimes against women, and custodial functions. Probably one of the most damaging acts to police officers was their denial to perform basic patrol duties. One of the main reasons for this was male officers also tend to be protective toward women. Being socially conditioned to protect women, they would insist that female officers remain in the police car during traffic stops or arrest. When women were finally given the right, as a Federal law mandating equal opportunity regardless of gender or race, to perform general police work and serve on patrol, they demonstrated their fitness for police work. In many smaller departments, women still hold less than ten percent of law enforcement positions. The National Center for Women and Policing reports that nearly 90 percent of all law enforcement agencies require a physical agility test for job applicants. Women face challenges when hiring practices include physical benchmarks based on male aptitude tests which require more upper body strength than women have, is a practice that has seen some changes in recent years. The survey reveals that departments that do not use the test have 45 percent more women on the force than those with the agility exams. Research has shown that women have encountered difficulties due to negative attitudes of men about being police officers. Most women indicated that when they were exposed to offensive behavior by male officers, they remained quiet for fear of negative male backlash. Sexual harassment is prevalent in most law enforcement agencies. Harassment on the basis of sex is a violation of Section 703 of Civil Rights  Act and is defined as unwelcome or unsolicited sexual advances, request for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Studies have found that 60 to 70 percent of women officers experienced sexual/gender harassment. Even though harassment exists, only 4 to 6 percent of these women ever reported the harassment. This lack of reporting can be directly attributed to the code of silence in law enforcement agencies and severe retaliation that occurs when women report misconduct. Bureau of Justice Assistance (2001). In a 1995 survey, of female officers in a medium sized department, 68 percent responded yes to the question, Have you ever been sexually harassed while on duty by a member of your agency Shusta,et al. (2005). Most of the women revealed that sexual harassment occurs at all levels of an organization and is not limited to male harassment of women. Women, too, can be offenders when they initiate sexual jokes or innuendoes and use of provocative language with men. This kind of behavior usually results in men countering in a similar fashion, which can contribute to and escalate the problem even more. Shusta,et al. (2005). Becoming a police officer might bring about a more radical change to a womans life than male officers. Even today police work is a predominantly male occupation and there persists the notion that assertiveness, aggressiveness, physical capability, and emotional toughness are male characteristics necessary to perform the job, but when female officers display these qualities they are often perceived as cold, emotionless, and uncaring. Lyman, M. D. (2005). According to male police officers, catching criminals is associated with bravery and danger, making it a mans job. It is believed by male officers that female officers cannot protect their male counterparts in confrontations where strength is required. Women who are accepted into the brotherhood of police or correctional officers have generally had to become one of the guys Shusta,et al. (2005). It is believed that if a woman has a hard walk, tends to be too hard, or too unemotional she may become criticized by her co-workers and supervisors. If she is too feminine or not sufficiently aggressive, men will not take her seriously and she will not do well in either police or correctional work. When women are confronted with a dilemma: they must be aggressive enough to do the job but feminine enough to be acceptable to male peers, and the must also be able to take different approaches to problems. Shusta,et al. (2005). In the corrections arena, male officers argued that women could not handle the violence and confrontations with inmates that occur in prisons. In a recent study it was found that women officers tended to respond to violent situations as aggressively as their male co-workers, and sometimes more aggressively. Women officers also seemed to have less trouble with the inmates than did their male counterparts; although they were harassed when they first appeared on the job. Clear and Cole (2003). Male inmates in minimum custody had surprisingly low opinions of women performing as correction officers, however, maximum custody inmates had high opinions of their competency and felt that such officers would be calm and cool in  problem situations. Female officers were thought to exert a softening influence on the environment making it more livable and less violent. Clear and Cole (2003). The status of women in correctional law enforcement with comparisons between the percentages of women sworn in as state, county and municipal officers indicate a huge difference. (http://www.womenandpolicing.org/PDF/2002_Status_Report.pdf 2010) Although there has been advantages and a broad leap for women in the law enforcement arena there has also been setbacks. Gender discrimination and double standards have always had women thinking that they had to perform and do better than male officers. They are often placed in jobs that are traditionally held by women police officers, such as domestic violence, child abuse, juveniles, and school programs. They are not usually considered for the more traditionally male jobs such as SWAT teams, gang units, narcotics, and homicide. Women usually face the difficult task of having the dual role of parent and career. Issues with child care, maternity leave, family responsibilities, flexible work schedules, job sharing, and mentoring and support groups. This can be especially hard for a single parent. If women had children when they entered law enforcement frequently find that they have a hard time balancing their commitments to family and work causing a significantly higher divorce rate than do male officers and have a lower group than the national female rate. Shusta,et al. (2005). More modernized police organizations try to show support by changing work schedules, being placed on light duty, Disability insurance and paid leave benefits. The proportion of women among sworn police personnel has steadily grown since the early 70s. In 1972 a survey of cities serving populations of 250,000 or more revealed that women comprised of only 2 percent of uniformed law enforcement personnel. In 1978, women made up 4.2 percent of sworn personnel in municipal departments serving populations over 50,000. By the end of 1986, the proportion of women had risen to 8.8 percent of all sworn officers in these agencies and by 1991, 9 percent of police were women. While women may face many difficulties, sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and overall discrimination in the law enforcement field, the lack of women role models is a barrier for many women who are interested in policing as a career. It is essential that departments there are the few that is paving the way for women. In 2003, Annetta W. Nunn took the became Chief of Police in Birmingham Alabama, she sat in a chair once occupied by Eugene Bull Connor, who was an segregationist and a national symbol of the Souths flight against integration who jailed thousands of civil rights demonstrators during the 1960s when Chief Nunn was four years old in 1963. Schmalleger (2005). During her tenure, Chief Nunn was a 23 year veteran of the department heading a force of 838 men and women. In February 2005, Massachusetts had a celebration to its three top women in law enforcement. Boston police commissioner Kathleen OToole leads the nations oldest department. Suffolk county sheriff Andrea Cabral is in charge of 2,500 inmates and Massachusetts corrections commissioner Kathleen Dennehy oversees 18 prisons across the state. Each is the first woman to hold her position. Thompson (2006). In 2006, Cathy Lanier was appointed as the first ever female chief of Police Washington, D.C., by Mayor Adrian Fenty. She officially assumed the position on January 2, 2007. Chief Lanier has been with the Metropolitan Police Department beginning in 1990 with most of her career as a uniformed patrol officer, where she served as the Commander of the Fourth District, one of the largest and most diverse residential patrol districts in the city. She also served as the Commanding Officer of the Departments Major Narcotics Branch and Vehicular Homicide Units. Chief Laniers story is a testimony to overcoming strife and the hardships that life can bring. At the age of 15, she was an expectant mother, and dropped out of high school, but through determination and the willingness to succeed; she continued to pursue her education, despite having family support, she achieved and reached her goal to achieve academic and professional goals in a short matter of time. Premdas, P. (n.d.). Joanne Takasato was Honolulu Hawaiis first undercover female narcotics police officer during the 1980s who broke barriers had almost single handedly taken most of the Hawaiian island of Oahus drug dealers off the streets of Hawaii. Her 394 page book tells the story about how she was forced to sever all ties with family, and friends to create a new identity and lifestyle that would get her accepted into the drug community but to also remain undetected as an undercover officer and had almost lost everything she had known to include her family as well as her sanity in the process. This is some of the examples of some of the police women who have paved the way and proved themselves as mentors for women who would want to pursue criminal justice as a profession. It is essential that departments that want to attract women candidates have women working in a variety of different positions to highlight the many opportunities that a department has to offer and the equity in the promotional process and assignment to special units. Female officers working as detectives, tactical team officers, street supervisors and high ranking administrators need to exist on a department to maintain some sort of written policy on and procedure on recruitment. Law enforcement today is facing a crisis a loss of public confidence and trust in the wake of police scandals that are unparalleled in recent history. Highly publicized incidents of excessive force and police corruption have generated shocking headlines Los Angeles, New York, Texas, Louisiana, New Jersey, Washington, Seattle, and Chicago. Police brutality and corruption lawsuits are costing taxpayers millions of dollars each year and the number and costs are only increasing. With the payouts increasing, taxpayers will demand that officers and their organizations be held accountable for their actions. Lonsway et al. (2003) Research conducted both in the United States and internationally clearly demonstrates that women rely on a style of policing that uses less physical force are better at defusing and de escalating potentially violent confrontations with citizens and are less likely to become involved in situations with use of excessive force. Lonsway et al. (2003) As an additional benefit, female officers often respond more effectively to  incidents of violence against women, a crime that represents approximately half of all violent crimes calls to police. Lonsway et al. (2003) The National Center for Women Policing states that there are six advantages for law enforcement agencies that hire and retain more women: 1. Female officers are proven to be as competent as their male counterparts In one study, female police executives were found to be more flexible, emotionally independent, self-assertive, self confident, proactive, and creative than their male counterpart. 2. Female officers were less likely to use excessive force; One study found that male officers were the target of 50% more insults by citizens and almost three times as many threats or attempts at injury in comparison with their female peers. 3. More female officers will improve law enforcements response to violence against women. A 1985 study found that female officers demonstrated more concern, patience and understanding than their male colleagues when responding to calls of domestic violence. Battered women who had contact with a female officer rated the police response as more helpful than those without such contact. They also rated the performance of female officers more favorably. 4. Increasing the presence of female officers reduces problems of sex discrimination and harassment within a law enforcement agency. One of the most prominent impacts is in promotional opportunities. Male and female officers report the same desire for promotion, yet these opportunities are even seen as less available to women in comparison with their male counterparts. This is likely to be part of the explanation for the higher turnover rate that is consistently seen among female officers, at the academy and on the job. 5. The presence of women can bring about beneficial changes in policy for all officers. The Police Foundation noted in 1974 that the introduction of women will create in incentive to management practices which are less acceptable now that they must be applied to men and women alike. This may result in the development of improved selection criteria, performance standards, and supervision for all officers. 6. Female officers implement community-oriented policing One study found that instructors indicated that female officers have an advantage over their male peers in several areas, including empathy toward others and interacting in a way that is not designed to prove something. Lonsway et al. (2003) In conclusion, throughout history women have made a way for themselves by showing that they can compete with men if they when given the opportunity. As police officers, they have come from being matrons and doing police work that was considered only for women, to being accepted as officers on the force, to becoming Chiefs of Police. Although there are not as many in the force as there should be, police women and chiefs are they are constantly paving the way for the respect and acceptance that is rightfully deserved. Police women should not have to prove themselves to their male counterparts to become a member of a team. Many women have proven to their male counterparts that they can do police work just well as a male, if not better. Police women are needed to close the gender gap and bring a different perspective to policing to make any police force not just unique, but equal.

Bilingual Education In Miami :: essays research papers

While California debates whether to stop teaching school children in two languages, the school system in Miami, Florida is expanding bilingual education. This city at the crossroads of the Americas is expanding bilingual education under the argument that students will need to speak, read and write in English and Spanish when they reach the business world. The decision to do this almost seems natural for a metropolis where the top-rated television stations broadcast in Spanish, the top-ranked newspaper publishes a separate Spanish daily edition, many top civic leaders speak effortless Spanish and Latinos have become the majority. Educators in Miami, home to the first bilingual public school in the modern era, are baffled by the cultural and political firefight over bilingual education in California.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nowhere is the controversy more intense than in California. On June 2, 1998 there was a vote on an anti-bilingual education initiative, Proposition 227. This proposition would end most bilingual programs in California and give students with limited English skills about one year of special English classes before placing them in the mainstream. To even have something like this on the Ballot in California seems very odd. California has more students with limited English skills than any other state. California has approximately 1.4 million students with limited English and about 30% of them are in formal bilingual programs, including some two-way programs. The most common approach in California is â€Å"transitional† bilingual education, in which students often spend more time being taught in their native language than in English for their first school years. Due to the large population of Spanish speakers in California I would think that educators would want t o mock Miami’s style of teaching both English and Spanish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Miami educators view it differently than they do in California. They look at bilingual education as a business opportunity for students. Miami’s trades with Latin America amount to billions of dollars a year. Top business leaders say that Miami can not afford to do with out bilingual education. James F. Partridge, chief of Latin American and Caribbean operations for Visa International said, â€Å"I don’t give a hoot about the political aspects of it. To me, that’s a lot of garbage. I am interested in the financial well being of this community. We need bilingual people to survive.† Partridge is so concerned about the issue that his office gives remedial lessons in Spanish and Portuguese to dozens of employees whose weak bilingual skills don’t allow them to communicate with clients in those languages.

Life and Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley

ercy Bysshe Shelley ( /? p? rsi ? b li/;[2] 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. Shelley was famous for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron. The novelist Mary Shelley was his second wife. He is most famous for such classic anthology verse works as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud and The Masque of Anarchy, which are among the most popular and critically acclaimed poems in the English language. His major works, however, are long visionary poems which included Queen Mab (later reworked as The Daemon of the World), Alastor, The Revolt of Islam, Adonais and the unfinished work The Triumph of Life. The Cenci (1819) and Prometheus Unbound (1820) were dramatic plays in five and four acts respectively. Although he has typically been figured as a â€Å"reluctant dramatist†, he was passionate about the theatre, and his plays continue to be performed today. He wrote the Gothic novels Zastrozzi (1810) and St. Irvyne (1811) and the short prose works â€Å"The Assassins† (1814), â€Å"The Coliseum† (1817) and â€Å"Una Favola† (1819). In 2008, he was credited as the co-author of the novel Frankenstein (1818) in a new edition by the Bodleian Library in Oxford and Random House in the U. S. entitled The Original Frankenstein, edited by Charles E. Robinson. [3][4][5] Shelley's unconventional life and uncompromising idealism[6][7], combined with his strong disapproving voice, made him an authoritative and much-denigrated figure during his life and afterward. Mark Twain took particular aim at Shelley in In Defense of Harriet Shelley, where he lambasted Shelley for abandoning his pregnant wife and child to run off with the 16-year-old Mary Godwin. [8] Shelley never lived to see the extent of his success and influence; although some of his works were published, they were often suppressed upon publication. He became an idol of the next three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets. He was admired by Karl Marx, Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, William Butler Yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan. [9] Henry David Thoreau's civil disobedience and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's passive resistance were apparently influenced and inspired by Shelley's non-violence in protest and political action, although Gandhi does not include him in his list of mentors. (Wikipedia)